Zydeco

Jamarcus Burks October 15, 2012 A fiddle, accordion, guitar, and a washboard are all you need to create the sweet sound of Zydeco. Zydeco music is a mixture of Blues or Jazz music with an upbeat tempo. Zydeco music has grown with my family. It is like a china dish your great grandmother passes down. The music is unique from the message it sends to the crazy two stepping dance that goes along with it. Zydeco music plays a significant role in my life. The first time I heard Zydeco music, I thought it sounded like someone kicking the side of a trash can mixed with a horrible marching band.I was about seven years old, but I remember it like it happened yesterday. My family was eating dinner at my Grandmother’s house and I had recently moved back to Waco, Texas with my dad. I could remember asking, â€Å"What is that noise? † It took me three years to understand what Zydeco truly means, but I took no time to learn the two-step dancing. I listened to Zydeco at a young age, no t knowing I did not understand the meaning behind the music, or the important role it played in my life.To me, Zydeco is more than music; it is a way of life. I have listened to Zydeco music through good and bad times throughout my life. My family plays Zydeco music at family gatherings and social events such as holidays, trail rides, birthdays, baby showers, and even funerals. No matter where we would be, we would listen and dance like there was no tomorrow. For as long as I can remember, my family has been playing Zydeco music at funerals. Some people may think it is disrespectful, but it is a family tradition.The reason we play Zydeco at all of our gatherings, is because growing up we were taught to always look at the positive aspects of life. So when a death occurs in the family, we listen to Zydeco and it reminds us that our loved one will always be with the family, but in a better place. Listening to Zydeco gives me a warm and grateful feeling inside. It comforts me to know th at no matter what the situation is, there is always a reason to smile. There are different styles of Zydeco such as Zydeco Jazz, Zydeco Blues, and the most popular is Button Box.Zydeco artists send different messages through their songs. Songs have different messages like celebrating; being in love, and the trials and tribulations a person goes through every day. Every generation has one Zydeco artist whose music they grow up dancing and listening to. Artists send positive messages about life or simply having a good time. Over the years, one of the main messages Zydeco artists send to fans is to be thankful for being alive. Older Zydeco music focuses on being alive, but I’ve learned that it has developed over time.However, I feel that there is always a Zydeco song to make me feel better. I believed Zydeco music could impact my life in ways it has. It has always been part of my family and that will continue for decades. That sweet sound transformed me the first time I heard it . However, the song that I always turn to is â€Å"Tu Le Ton Son Ton† by Andre Thierry & Zydeco. Andre Thierry’s song reminds me to keep doing my best throughout the week, and that the weekend is near. I learned over the years what Zydeco truly means and how my family expects me to carry on the tradition with my children.

Gone with the Wind and Feminism

Gone with the Wind and Feminism Posted by Miriam Bale on Sat, Mar 13, 2010 at 1:38 PM [pic] Molly Haskell, author ofFrankly, My Dear, will introduceGone with the Wind at Film Forum on Sunday afternoon. Gone with the Wind plays this weekend in Film Forum’s Victor Fleming festival, but is it really a Fleming film?Uber-producer David Selznick is the most consistent author, and Selznick doppelganger George Cukor directed a significant amount of scenes, giving this domestic war film some moments more delicate and subtle than anything else in Fleming’s oeuvre (and after macho Fleming was brought on replace the openly gay Cukor at Clark Gable’s urging, the â€Å"women’s director† went on to coach Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland on weekends, at their insistence, throughout the shoot); and Vivien Leigh gives a scarily mercurial performance in almost every scene, owning the film entirely.At the time of the film’s release, Frank Nugent in the New Y ork Times wrote, â€Å"Is it the greatest motion picture ever made? Probably not, although it is the greatest motion mural we have ever seen. † It’s a mural made by many hands, and the esteemed critic Molly Haskell’s latest book, Frankly My Dear: Gone with the Wind Revisited does a fabulous job of parsing out the contributions.She reveals nuggets like Howard Hawks’ supposed uncredited contribution in rewriting some of the dialogue in the last section, the battle of the sexes showdown between Rhett and Scarlett, which helps make sense why this particular section feels like an entirely different film from the historical romance of Part 1. Another uncredited writer was F. Scott Fitzgerald; Haskell's digging suggests that what he eliminated from the film may be as important as what anyone else contributed.She also describes writer Ben Hecht maintaining as a point-of-pride that he had never nor never would read the mass-market epic romance on which the film wa s based—so Selznick and Fleming stayed up all night on a diet of speed and peanuts acting out the story for him (with Selznick as Scarlett and Fleming playing Melanie). Haskell’s book also focuses on the one-hit-wonder novelist Margaret Mitchell, telling the ascinating history of this flapper-turned-frumpy matron who rebelled against her serious, feminist southern belle of a mother by becoming a connoisseur and practitioner of frivolity as an art. As Mitchell’s background might suggest, Gone with the Wind is a complicated universe for a feminist to tackle. And yet this is exactly the sort of conflicted, non-PC and pre-Second Wave world of women that Haskell has consistently celebrated and examined through films, serving a unique and crucial role in American feminism.As Haskell describes this position in connection to a 1972 panel she took part in on women in film, in which Gloria Steinem deplored the scenes in Gone with the Wind of Scarlett O’Hara squeeze d into a corset and Haskell then rose to defend that character as a courageous survivor: â€Å"Both of our reactions were in their own way, right.But this difference of perspective was also an early augur of the fault lines in feminism or perhaps a necessary split focus: between those predisposed to see and proclaim signs of the victimization of women in a benighted world now progressing toward enlightenment and equality and those inclined to be heartened by the contradictions—the women in the past (both real and fictional) who’d held their own in a chauvinist culture, who’d subverted the norms and gained victories not always apparent through a literal reading of the plot. Of course, just as Gone with the Wind is both tricky and rich personal territory for a southern-raised feminist like Haskell to examine, it is also difficult—even in coverage this brief—for a black feminist like myself to look at honestly. Gone with the Wind is unarguably, painf ully racist, yet extraordinarily valuable for examining just how and why.The film displays insipid white stereotypes in some of the minor characters as much as it does obscenely destructive black ones, and yet the main characters Rhett and Scarlett seem to exist outside of this orbit, beyond expectations of both gender or race; identification with these two characters is widespread and complex, by all races. Just as Selznick’s Duel in the Sun inspired Laura Mulvey to overhaul her views on female identification, GWTW is ripe for looking at where racial identification splits and falls in this film, even after Haskell’s sharp, thorough and artfully written book has covered so uch intellectual and historic territory. Haskell will be on hand at 3pm screening at Film Forum on Sunday to introduce this problematic and fascinating piece of film history. She’ll also be signing copies of her book, a coup of single-work film criticism that is highly intelligent, personal an d never relies on jargon or cliches. Besides her unique and crucial role in American feminism, Haskell is also one of the best writers on film in America, and both as a critic and stylist she’s only getting better. Molly Haskell’s Feminist Take on Gone with the Wind y Melissa Silverstein on March 2, 2009 in Books Molly Haskell is the shit when it comes to writing about women’s films with a feminist perspective. There is no one better. Her book From Reverence to Rape: The Treatment of Women in the Movies is one of the best books about women in film and it was written in the 70s. (There is an a[pic]dditional chapter that covers the 70s and 80s in the paperback. ) That just goes to show you how few books have critically looked at this issue (from a non-academic perspective. Haskell has taken on one of the most beloved films Gone with the Wind in her new book Frankly My Dear which is out now. The book has gotten stellar reviews and including in the NY Times this wee kend. Haskell’s argument is mounted on feminist principles that at first glance seem antithetical to a film widely regarded as prefeminist fluff. She contends that â€Å"themes centering on women† are â€Å"always an inferior subject matter to socially conscious critics of literature and film. † After 70 years of â€Å"GWTW† bashing, a creditable critic finally says, â€Å"Not so fast! Haskell gave up regular reviewing in the early ’90s, leaving criticism that seriously examined the big-screen image of women and the popular representation of female social roles to go underground — into academic studies where abstruse, tenure-seeking jargon is used to rebuff popular taste. That makes â€Å"Frankly, My Dear† all the more remarkable. It’s Haskell’s feminist perspective that provides insight into a movie most academics won’t touch and current critics dismiss. She disentangles the film’s qualities from the conf ounding issues of misogy ­ny, racism and intellectual snobbery.

How Management Teams Can Have a Good Fight Essay

Summary How management teams can have a good fight? Everyone has his own answer. Related to O.B., what’s the new answer? In the case study, we discussed about â€Å"the forgotten group member† as group. We talked about â€Å"yes or no†, â€Å"why† and â€Å"how†. Every member can have his own idea, but we must reach an agreement as our group’s conclusion. This process is called â€Å"decision making†. During this process, if all the members’ own ideas are the same, that’s perfect! But most of the time the fact is someone says â€Å"yes†, and someone says â€Å"no†, and when we met the question like â€Å"why† and â€Å"how†, the answers became even more. Then the group meets an issue named â€Å"conflict†.This article, by Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Jean L. Kahwaly, and L. J. Bourgeios â… ¢, focuses on conflict in the processes of the team decision making. Let’s return to the first questio n that how management teams can have a good fight. The business professors make their research based on observing how the groups managing the interpersonal conflicts. The research about interplay of conflict, polictics, and speed in strategic decision making by top management teams last for 10 years. The objects to be observed are 12 top-management teams in technology-based companies. As shown, in 4 of the 12 companies, there was little or no substantive disagreement over major issues and therefore little conflict to observe. And the other 8 companies experienced considerable conflict. In 4 of the 8 companies, the top-management teams handled conflict in a way that avoided interpersonal hostility or discord. Managers in those companies referred to their colleagues as smart, team player, and best in the business. They described the way they work as a team as open, fun, and productive. The managers vigorously debated the issues, but they wasted little time on politicking and posturing. The other 4 companies in which issues were contested were less successful at avoiding interpersonal conflict. The executives used words such as manipulative, secretive, burned out, and political to describe their colleagues. What made the difference between the 2 types of teams? The authors identify 6 key tactics used by all of the teams that were able to keep interpersonal conflict to a minimum. * Focus on the facts * Multiply the alternatives * Create common goals * Use humor * Balance the power structure * Seek consensus with qualification 1. Focus on the facts It means more information more better. Fact Data Fact Data Guess Opinion Guess Opinion Let’s compare the 2 groups of words: Which do you think is more personal? When we talk about the left group, mostly we summarize it as â€Å"subjective†. The right group is usually summarized as â€Å"objective†. The teams with minimal interpersonal conflicts always work with more, rather than less objective and current information and data, such as reviewed bookings, backlogs, margins, engineering milestones, cash, scrap, and work-in-process every week or every month. Some team even claims to â€Å"measure everything†. Facts encourage people to focus on issues, not personalities and let people move quickly to the central issues surrounding a strategic choice. Building decisions on facts creates a culture that emphasizes issues instead of personalities. Therefore, the debate will be much more constructive. 2. Multiply the alternatives It means more options, more better. Look at the picture, If I ask that what’s this or whether this is the sun or the moon, there are only 2 alternatives. Thus usually we easily fall into the arguments about black and white. Multiple options allow more exploration of the gray areas, and lead to more creative solutions that integrate key points of the various alternatives. Maybe you can say this is a cake, an egg, or anything else. Someone maybe consider that more choices can increase the conflict, but the research shows that multiple alternatives can lower interpersonal conflict. For one, it diffuses conflict. The individuals gain more room to vary the degree of their support over a range of choices. Managers can more easily shift positions without losing face. The team ended up combining elements of several options in a way that was more robust than any of the options were individually. 3. Create common goals It means let’s go there! A third tactic for minimizing destructive conflict involves framing strategic choices as collaborative. The successful groups we studied consistently framed their decisions as collaborations in which it was in everyone’s interest to achieve the best possible solution for the collective. During the process of decision making, when team members are working toward a common goal, they are less likely to see themselves as individual winners and losers and are far more likely to perceive the opinions of others correctly and to learn from them. For example, let’s discuss the first trip for practice. Our common goal is to go to Pattya. Then we discuss how we shall go. Shall we go there by minibus, taxi or airline? But if someone wants to go to Rayong and another wants to go to Huahin, a lot of time will be wasted in the argument. So, the common goals do not imply homogeneous thinking, but they do let everyone share a vision. 4. Use humor It means Inject humor into the decision process. In our class, there is a very cute and funny guy, his name is Pop. Every time when we do the case discussion in-class, every time when Pop raises his hand, what do you guys expect? For me, I am ready to smile or laugh. So what is the influence of laugh? * We will have good mood. * The pressures will be lower. * We can get the information from others more easily than in the stressful situations. According to the research, people in a positive mood tend to be not only more optimistic but also more forgiving of others and creative in seeking solutions. So when our group tries to make a decision, such positive mood will trigger a more accurate perception of others’ argument, because people in a good mood tend to relax their defensive barriers and so can listen more effective. Humor works as defense mechanism to protect people from the stressful and threatening situations that commonly arise in the course of making strategic decisions. 5. Balance the power structure It means (focus on equity) to create a sense of fairness by balancing power with in the management team. Most people will accept decisions they disagree with if they feel the process was fair. In the balanced power structures, the CEO is still more powerful than the other members of the top-management team, but the members do wield substantial power, especially in their own well-defined areas of responsibility. The teams with high interpersonal conflict are mostly found that the leaders are autocratic or weak. 6. Seek consensus with qualification It means give the chance to everyone to bring his idea. In the process of decision making, the teams that managed conflicts effectively all used a two step process that is called consensus with qualification that is when the teams meet an issue, the members will talk over it and try to reach consensus. If they can, the decision is made. If they can’t, the most relevant senior manager makes the decision, guided by input from the rest of the group. Individuals are willing to accept outcomes they dislike if they believe that the process by which those results came about was fair. So how does consensus with qualification create a sense of fairness? Most people just want their opinions to be considered seriously but to prevail. So just encourage everyone to bring ideas to the table. If the members can effectively join the process of decision making, the interpersonal conflict will be minimized. Linking conflict, speed, and performance The healthy conflict can make better decision and make the teams move more quickly as well. Without conflict, groups lose their effectiveness and lower performance. Managers often become withdrawn and only superficially harmonious. So let’s return to the first question that †how management teams can have a good fight?† The key to doing so is to mitigate interpersonal conflict. Well, how teams argue but still get along? That’s the content of this presentation. Tactic| Strategy| 1.Base discussion on current, factual information| Focus on issues, not personalities| 2.Develop multiple alternatives to enrich the debate| | 3.Rally around goals| Frame decisions as collaborations aimed at achieving the best possible solution for the company| 4.Inject humor into the decision-making process| | 5.Maintain balanced power structure| Establish a sense of fairness and equity in the process| 6.Resolve issues without forcing consensus| | Critique Overall evaluation This is an article with clear thinking. The authors got their conclusion through long time research based on objective observe and numerous data, which is the way that analyzing the problem and exploring the root of the problem. How management teams can have a good fight? Effective decision making, implement it positively How to deal with the conflict during the decision making process? Manage interpersonal conflict effectively How to manage interpersonal conflict effectively? 6 tactics— Focus on the facts Multiply the alternatives Create common goals Use humor Balance the power structure Seek consensus with qualification The 6 tactics that the authors summarized are very direct and crucial. They seize the key of the problem-solving. During the process of discussing each tactic, they demonstrate the point by real case and data which are very convincing. In the last part of the article, the authors link conflict, speed, and performance to form a path of solving problem, the title of the article is got the answer. After reading this article, my gain involves 3 aspects as following: First, the article answered the question about how to manage the conflicts during the process of group’s decision making. During the decision making process by groups, it’s normal and natural that the group encountered disagreements and conflicts. The critical thing of decision making by groups is to managing the conflicts. After reading the article, I have got the clear answer to solve the problem. Second, â€Å"how management teams can have a good fight† is a complicate subject. However the authors analyzed the issue and finally focused on a small and crucial topic to solve the problem. Understand such professional ways to analyze problem is very useful for me. It inspires me that â€Å"questioned—explore the root of the question—research—analyze—generalize and related to the major subject†. Finally, the method used by the authors that gathering data and analyzing with the objective facts are very objective and scientific. It’s also very valuable for me. Weakness When I finished the article reading, I have a question, maybe I shouldn’t not describe it as weakness. Among the 12 management teams in technology-based companies which the authors observed and researched, 8 companies that experienced considerable conflicts, which is the main data source for research. For the other 4 companies, because there was little or no substantive disagreement over major issues and therefore were not discussed. In my opinion, if the major goal of the research is only to discussing the conflict from decision making by groups, then there are no problem that the authors did not discuss the case of these 4 companies, because the case have no value for the research. But, the authors are trying to discuss how management teams can have a good fight. And actually the case of these 4 companies also occupies one-third of the feedback data. It exists there indeed. However it was not mentioned by the authors in the article. I am curious about the case that there was little or no substantive disagreement over major issues, why the disagreement is so little? What situation will it lead to? Will it also make the organization to have a good performance and get a good fight? If the authors had talked about this, we would get clearer idea.

Describe and evaluate psychological theories of human motivation Essay

Describe and evaluate psychological theories of human motivation - Essay Example When we do things without enough reason, we are not motivated and the result of that activity is not pleasant and successful. Kanfer (1990) also argues that motivation cannot be seen or felt, that’s why it is termed a hypothetical construct and we see its effects and by-products. An analogy for this is gravity which cannot be seen or felt but we see its effects if we jump from a high building. (Jex, 2002, p. 210) Motivating employees is a challenge to managers; it is a part of effective management. There are various theories of motivation and there are many ways to motivate employees. One way is to demonstrate trust to employees. This may include removing some controls or asking an employee to create a plan or schedule and be creative, putting subordinates in charge of something one would not normally handle, or giving incentives and raising salaries, and so on. Motivation is also related with work-life balance – it is a balance for life and what people do. Managers motivate people in order to have blending between work and family life. Work and family with pleasure and fulfilment are impacted by effective motivation. A productive employee can have a balance of life and work – he cannot be productive at work if he has a problem at home. Satisfaction in work and feelings and satisfaction in life and happiness with the family are interrelated. Moreover, motivation is an important factor in the efficiency of people in an organization. Performance management emphasizes much on motivation. Studies have found that successful managers have stronger power motives than less successful managers. The human need theory asserts that people have urges relative to the three needs which are the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for power. Much has been written on motivation and the literature has supplied us with theories of human motivation. These theories are categorized into several types like: 1.) the need-based theories

Military Tradition of Ancient People Research Paper

Military Tradition of Ancient People - Research Paper Example The Mongol people had historically transformed from hunters and gatherers to nomadic herdsmen, and adopted numerous religious faiths within the leadership and its pollution, due to the vast interaction with people from neighboring territories. There is always an argument over the success of the Mongols army torn between quantity and quality in their functions, but the fact remains that they were well equipped and skilled for any conquest, being contributed by their geographical locations and effective political leadership to coordinate the military. The military force was organized effectively to accomplish the objectives of the empire; the Mongols culture, politics, and geographical locations played a big role to shape the strategic intelligence of the military, though the religious freedom among them paved way for the expansion of the empire as well as its decline. Geographical Location Mongolia is historically known to have been situated in the northern area of China and on the Ea st of the Altai Mountains. 1The region was a high plateau, covered with grass, which was sufficient for their herds grazing and associated with the successive emergence of ancient Mongolia tribesmen, to attack their sedentary neighbors. Therefore, as a way of life, the Mongols people were used to operating in the open grassland field that stretched from central parts of Europe into Asia. From the experience of horse riding in such fields, the nomads’ lifestyle on the steppes and the struggles they faced each day for survival came to shape the Mongolian forces that consisted the people from the steppe. According to 2Barnes, unlike the other European knights who were considered professionally trained, the Mongolian warriors or Mongolian force had experienced a tough lifestyle having to fight against each other and nature, to become hardy people before contributing to their abilities as warriors. As a result of their nomadic lifestyle, they taught their children how to ride hors es on the steppes, while grazing the animals at an early age. 3Meaning the children grew up with better skills in (horsemanship) riding, managing, and gallops. This was effective in their future armies’ movement across the different terrains, since their horses were strong to withstand the different conditions in vast lands, weather, and even their feed. The advantage of the steppes and the horse riding across them, and different lands patterns in the vast geographical regions, made both the horses and the riders develop legendary endurance to accomplish the objective of the Mongols army at any invasion. According to 4Carlton, the Mongols army appeared to move twice the pace of their enemies and often victorious, even if they were at a disadvantage than their opponents to achieve success. It simply means that their bodies had adjusted to harsh conditions, and could even travel for long distances without food or having to carry lot of bulky food. It follows the theory of evolu tion to winning the battle for survival, which associates sensory experience and environmental forces to improving the knowledge. Their experience in horse riding had made them become like natural horse riders providing them a high degree of flexibility and speed into distant territories. 5Barner further mentions that the riding skills were an advantage to them, such

Propostition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Propostition - Essay Example Among the most vivid issues is the sexual tendency of Mary. It is clear that she found opportunities to use sex as a way of surviving in the extremely demanding and fast growing city of New York. For this reason, she could reap economic benefits from the many encounters she was bound to have. Secondly, it is evident as per Amy’s perspective that she represented a class of indecisive women who were readily practicing manipulation through use of their beauty. It is only normal that one may have negative escapades with people while exercising such vices. While working at the cigar shop where she had been employed, Mary had once disappeared and then resurfaced after a period of time. This shows that she was not a stranger perplexing acts. It is also strange of how a suitor by the name Cromellin retreated after having his proposal rejected. The silence and attention may seem evil. Also, during the times she worked, there had been several youth gangs in the area. They committed acts of violence in the streets causing the police to be put on the spotlight. Mary’s daily routines of interaction with such people obviously did not translate well considering her manipulative nature. Consequently, there arise a lot of players in the life of Mary, many of whom have or may have a score to settle with her. It can be assumed that hers is a mysterious death since no one can point a finger at a specific player. On the other hand, it can be opposed that her death was not mysterious but rather consequential. Settling on the sexuality nature, it can be argued that the final conclusion of the police investigation may have been true. The police concluded that her death may have been as a result of a botched abortion procedure. Considering her sexual involvement with young men it is natural that she could have got pregnant. Mary also had a love affair with David Payne and they had planned to get married. Afterwards, Mary showed up at Crommelin premises (who she had earlie r rejected) planning for a reconciliation. Crommelin’s failure respond to the desperation letters from Mary finally prompted her to ask for financial assistance from him. It is understood that Crommelin did not respond therefore Mary acquired the money for an â€Å"emergency† elsewhere. On acquisition of the money she disappeared. Amy, in her book, asserts that she may have been seen in a place known for conducting abortions. In addition, witnesses reported that they had spotted Mary at a joint owned by a woman who executed such practices. The woman known as Mrs. Loss was a disciple of Madam Lestell (nicknamed Madam Killer). She had derived her nickname from her long-standing belief that the only birth control method was abortion. Since she was rather too reserved for the richer women, Mrs. Loss would take care of Mary. Mrs. Loss she denied any involvement with Mary upon interrogation. However, clothes resembling Mary’s were found at the nearby thicket. The woma n also admitted to hearing screams in the nearby bush. The evidence documented by the author and largely point to the act of abortion perpetrated by Mary Rodgers. More so, the asking of an â€Å"emergency loan† by Mary and the sight of her at the place associated with abortion inclines towards the act abortion. The final conclusion of the police: terming the death as a result of a botched abortion is dependable considering the provisions. This conclusion is more dependable than that of terming the

Not waving but drowning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Not waving but drowning - Essay Example In each of these states, whether European or American, people were experiencing a great deal of alienation and isolation as a result of these tremendous changes. Perhaps it is not surprising, then, to find the desolation and isolation of this period reflected as a major theme in the poetry created during this period such as â€Å"Not Waving but Drowning† by Stevie Smith. The isolation is almost overwhelming in Smith’s poem as she begins with the desolate lonely cry of a man that nobody hears. Although he is introduced as being dead, â€Å"Nobody heard him, the dead man, / But still he lay moaning† (1-2), making himself known to someone. This introduction presents several possibilities as to his true condition. The first is that the man is only symbolically dead, dead on the inside, and so is physically alive and able to moan in his continued pain and loneliness. He could also be so close to death that there is no possibility of saving him before he’s gone, and he’s moaning in anticipation of the inevitable. Another possibility is that he is actually dead, but there remain a few possibilities as to his continued moaning. The pain and anguish of his death might have been too much for him to bear and thus he is still moaning even after death. Finally, the suggestion that nobody heard him invokes the sense of the ghostly, so that perhaps the man is moaning in the form of a ghost, attempting to warn those who can hear of the dangers of allowing individuals to become too isolated from society. The words that Smith provides him in the second portion of this stanza further emphasize the sense of isolation and failed attempts at connection. The dead man says, â€Å"I was much further out than you thought / And not waving but drowning† (3-4). This indicates that whether he was alive or dead, this man never felt as close to his fellow humans as they perceived him to be and, as a result, they were unable to recognize the signs of distress he was sending

In Preventing a Brave New World (pp. 317-329), Leon Kass concludes Essay

In Preventing a Brave New World (pp. 317-329), Leon Kass concludes that reproductive and therapeutic cloning of human embryos - Essay Example He points out that â€Å"revulsion† (Kass, 2001) is not the basis of his argument as he points out that â€Å"repugnance† (Kass, 2001) of the past is silently accepted in the present. He moreover observes that disgust is not something that is emotional and hence he is not being emotional when he criticizes the cloning of the human embryos but it is a deep thought into the matter makes him talk against the mechanism. He compares cloning with the incest relationships and other unethical activities like disfigurement of corpse or feeding on human flesh. Kass observes that as murder, rape or bestiality cannot be ethically justified, in the same manner reproductive and therapeutic cloning of human embryos stands unjustified on the ground of ethics. Kass (2001), in his composition, says that cloning is resisted not only because it is strange to take up something like this but because he â€Å"intuit† that it is not novel and cloning for him is the violation of things t hat he dearly holds. In the book he criticizes cloning on the grounds of unethical experimentation, threatening the identity of human being and his or her individuality, transforming the essence of procreation into manufacturing. He also argues against it on the ground of despotism that it heralds on the children, thereby becoming the harbinger of parenthood perversion. He makes sure he is not misinterpreted when he is arguing against cloning. He points out that he is against the creation of reproductive cloning and not against the cloning that is used for the research work (Kass, 2001). On ethical grounds Kass argues that the cloning experiment has an adverse and unethical effect on the child to be born. Its not that they would be only affected adversely on the ethical grounds there can serious dangers to their life, as the experiment of cloning has failed mostly among the animals. Incidents of fetal deaths and the deaths of the stillborn infants cannot be avoided in the process of cloning. He also points out that the so called proclaimed successes are actually failure. It has also been revealed very recently that there remains a high chance of disability and deformity among the cloned animals that lives after birth. He justifies his argument by citing examples of clone crows which has heart and lungs problems and cloned mice which develops pathological obesity later on in its life span. It has been also observed that a cloned animal fails in attaining normal development milestones. Though he argues on the ethical grounds of relationships and the associated problem that would arise from cloning he actually argues on a strong scientific and logical terms. His argument against cloning stands justified on the basis of the facts and figures that have been provided by him (Kass, 2001). He also puts forward an argument on the basis of identity and individuality crisis. It will be like a dilemma for the person who has been cloned, as not only will he have concerns a bout his distinguishing characteristics but also that he will have an identical appearance as his father or mother. This would lead to serious identity crisis. He indicates the adverse effect that a homey case can have if engaged in infra familial cloning. Cloning of the husband and the wife gives birth to a twin parent child relation. Eventually no parent will be competent to take care of the clone of himself or herself as one treats his or her own child. This creates a series of perplexity in the relationship, the way they are perceived. Like if the daughter is the clone of

Fiesta and Social Control in Rural Mexico Essay

Fiesta and Social Control in Rural Mexico - Essay Example 'The nature of things' do form the notion of mind. (Bacon 1960, first published in 1620). Stanley Brandes also enters in the field with the pre-conceived notion that fiestas do have the mechanism of social control and mechanism is thrust by power and persuasion. Following the steps of Bricker (1973) and Crumrine (1976) he believes that ceremonial life is also helpful in understanding the Mexican Indian ideas about humanity. The study of hierarchical order and his personal observation of rural Mexico provide him the bases to substantiate his hypotheses. The objective is to explore the paradox of the way the fiestas promote order and social control in Rural Mexico whereas, at the surface level the fiestas are the break from the rut of routine life and mostly are 'formless and chaotic' but in reality it helps to "reinforce the Brandes cites the early efforts of Robert Redfield (1930) and Elsie Clews Parson (1939) who tried to demonstrate the relationship of ideology and social behavior. The writers mentioned above became the victim of the biases of the methodology of qualitative descriptive research and jaundiced their point of view by romanticizing the Mexican folklore, giving the impression that Indians were 'free of psychic and social conflict.' In the later study of Gossen (1974) et al it comes out that ethnic identity is confirmed by the ceremonials, since the person who does not share the rituals and belief of its community is considered an outsider; providing Brandes the base to study fiesta as mechanism of social control. He found that fiestas are the mechanism of controlling process and it is maintained through power and persuasion. Persuasion to Brandes is "the totality of informal pressures and instructive procedures that lead people to conduct their lives with regard to particular standards." Persuasion is concept to bring to light the influence that social equals exercise on one other. Brandes defines power as, "Coercive and manipulative influences of formally constituted organs of church and state." The church and state become the active agents of supernatural to mobilize people for 'collective religious action' and the skills demonstrated in performing rituals and fulfilling the responsibilities on behalf of community is to exert their power over the community. The study is concerned with the 'fiesta cycle' in anthropological domain fiesta cycle is defined as rituals and folklorists call it festivals. The analysis pattern in the book is of 'Cycle's History' and its effect. The analysis tries to resolve two paradoxes. Ethic and aggrandizement of self have replaced the shared values of equality and the concept of 'shared poverty' in Tzintzuntzan. With the disappearance of the old cargo system the responsibility to bear the brunt of funding has been shifted to the community. The cargo system relied on two major principles; first was the individual responsibility and the nobles of the community were to sponsor, for longer or short period of time, fiesta and they also fulfilled the responsibility to take care of the sacred images, churches and chapels. The second was the hierarchal order, wherein, the

Selling Our Future - Sense of Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Selling Our Future - Sense of Place - Essay Example This is mostly so especially in the developing countries like Kenya where land is scarce and the population is constantly growing (Brown, 2009). Economically the figures show that the economy of such a country is growing through the measure of GDP. However, if the trend in population growth being experienced continues then this would be like we are poaching from the future. This is because as it is currently, the resources are already at a strain as illustrated by Brown (2009) and in future then this GDP growth will start to decline. This greatly relate with me as an accounting student in that it helps understand how ecological factors affect the growth of economy. The Kenyan experience is an interesting one because surprisingly, in the past Kenyans have enjoyed good rich soils and rainfall patterns. This has however changed due high population that in turn has cleared a huge part of land that was previously forest cover for settlements. This has led to changes in rainfall pattern and drought occurrences are very common and thus hurting the country even more economically. This thus greatly relates to what Brown (2009) says that trees are very valuable in terms of rainfall and the environment in general. Land is viewed as a property that is mainly for economic gain and ethically there are no rules that guide the owners of the land on how to use it (Leopold, 1948). The conservation ethics should be steered to each and every person if the trend is to change for the better. The animals are also part of this population because as the human population increase, so is the animal population and this occupancy has led to less and less space available. This has caused the continuous the depletion of the lands and in the long run the economy. Like Brown (2009) expresses that the world’s economy behaves like a ponzi economy in that at a glance the economy may improve. This may be due to certain activities like excessive fishing where the lives of the

Hypothetical population, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hypothetical population, - Essay Example It must be kept in mind that such populations do not practically occur in nature because over a period of time, evolutionary factors affect the population in some way or the other. In the equation given above represents the frequency of the homozygous dominants, gives the frequency of homozygous recessive while 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygotes. The frequency of the dominant and the recessive alleles may be calculated by square-rooting the homozygous dominant and recessive genotype frequencies. Therefore gives the dominant allelic frequency while gives the recessive allelic frequency. However, the equation hold true for populations the comply with Hardy-Weinberg assumptions which means that in populations whose gene pool is disturbed by factors such as gene flow, genetic drift, mutations and in selectively bred populations, the equation will not be enough for proper estimation. In the given problem, it has been stated that 25 out of every 100 children are born with attached earlobes. We already know that attached earlobe phenotype is an expression of recessive homozygous genotype. Assuming that all assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are met, we may apply the law to estimate allelic and genotypic frequencies of the given population. Let us assume that UU is the dominant homozygous gene, Ua is the heterozygous genotype while uu is the homozygous recessive gene. As given in the problem, uu causes attached earlobe phenotype while both UU and Uu cause unattached earlobes. In order to estimate the dominant and the recessive frequencies of the alleles we utilize Hardy Weinberg’s equation directly since we do not know the exact number of heterozygotes. To estimate allelic frequency of attached earlobes: Using the values of the frequencies of both the dominant and the recessive alleles that we obtained we can also calculate the frequency of the heterozygous genotype since the exact

The big 5 personality traits Essay Example for Free

The big 5 personality traits Essay Introduction: 1. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the ‘Big Five’ personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness) and career success (Seibert Kraimer,2001). A questionnaire was sent by post to 2781 graduates of business and engineering. 496 alumni took part in the survey (318 males and 178 females). The conclusions were that agreeableness is not well related to career success; there is no relationship between the other four factors and career success. High people orientated jobs showed a poor relationship between agreeableness and salary. Low people orientated jobs shows no relationship between agreeableness and salary. METHOD: 2. Career success can be defined as the positive psychological and work related outcomes as a final result of work completed by each individual. Construct definition is the overall basic idea which is being examined; career success. Operational definition describes what the variables are and how each is measured. The variables are extrinsic and intrinsic career success. Greenhaus et al. measured intrinsic career success with a five-item career satisfaction scale. Each participant was asked to show their levels of satisfaction with their careers, 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest. Two self-reports were used to measure extrinsic career success. Each participant was asked to show the number of promotions they had gotten throughout their career. They also had to show their annual salary level. Altogether the variables included log salary, promotions, career satisfaction, work experience, MBA degree, metropolitan area, number of employees, gender and occupation type. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) RESULTS: 3. Central Tendency-The way in which quantitative data clusters around a midpoint. Dispersion- How far your scores are from your measure of central tendency. Mean is a measure of central tendency  Standard Deviation(S.D) is a measure of dispersion.  Sex: a categorical form of data (male/female). This is badly represented as the standard deviation is above the mean (if S.D is higher than the mean, a minus is applicable). For gender you can’t measure central tendency but you  can measure dispersion. Personally, I think that gender doesn’t belong in the table. Promotions: Are badly represented as the S.D is very high. I think that using the mode instead of S.D would resolve this issue. Career satisfaction: is represented good. Both the mean and S.D appear to work well. Career satisfaction was measured using Greenhaus et el.(1990) scale of career satisfaction. I don’t think any changes need to be made. Agreeableness: is represented good. However I think the definition for agreeableness leaves a lot to be desired for. In saying that, both the mean and the S.D appear to work well. My suggestion would be to leave it but maybe reconsider the definition. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) DISCUSSION: 4. (A)In my opinion, I don’t agree with the definition of agreeableness in this context. ’Agreeableness is ones interpersonal orientation, ranging from soft-hearted, good-natured, trusting and gullible at one extreme to cynical, rude, suspicious, and manipulative at the other’ I don’t agree with this as only alumni from business and engineering were surveyed. Other people orientated jobs such as teachers, nurses etc. were not included. Therefore it cannot be generalised. In my opinion, I think that people high on agreeableness (in this case) have lower extrinsic career success. Whereas they may be happy in their jobs they may not get promotions. (B)Yes, I do think that agreeableness causes lower salaries for individuals working in high people orientated jobs. People who are more agreeable are more likely to fill out surveys. They are more likely to do more work for less money; therefore promotions would not come into account as employers may take advantage of these workers. (C)The sample attrition is the dropout rate which occurred. The surveys were mailed to 2781 homes of business and engineer graduates. Each individual had graduated 3-39 years prior to the survey.773 were returned (28% response rate). 668 had fully completed the survey. Out of that 668, 49 were unemployed, 33 worked part time and 96 were self-employed. The final number of participants was 496. If the sample attrition was included this could have influenced the data as the sample size would be larger and more random. Self-employed people may have different levels of personality traits, e.g. higher extraversion as they  have leadership skills. Unemployed people may be high in agreeableness as they may lack confidence. I think that would have a great effect on the overall data. (D)Two variables could be combined within one individual e.g. agreeableness and extraversion. The individual may not get a promotion due to the level of agreeableness they obtain; however with the high levels of assertiveness and sociability in an extraversion they could also get promoted. Other variables included: log salary, promotions, career satisfaction, work experience, MBA degree, metropolitan area, number of employees, gender, occupational type and the big five personality traits. By only surveying business and engineer graduates it made the study easier for themselves as there are less levels in these jobs than in other occupations such nurses or doctors. The Big 5 personality traits definitions: Neuroticism: indicates adjustment versus emotional stability. Individuals who score high on neuroticism are characterized by high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-consciousness. Extraversion: High levels of extraversion indicate sociability, warmth, assertiveness, and activity, whereas individuals low on extraversion may be described as reserved, sober, aloof, task-oriented, and introverted. Openness: is defined in terms of curiosity and the tendency for seeking and appreciating new experiences and novel ideas. Individuals who score low on openness are characterized as conventional, unartistic, and narrow in interests. Agreeableness: Agreeableness is one’s interpersonal orientation, ranging from soft-hearted, good-natured, trusting, and gullible at one extreme to cynical, rude, suspicious, and manipulative at the other. Conscientiousness: indicates the individual’s degree of organization, persistence, and motivation in goal-directed behaviour. Achievement-orientation and dependability or conformity have been found to be primary facets of conscientiousness (Seibert Kraimer,2001) High people orientated occupation is where the individual is a sociable, people person, with good interpersonal skills. People with a high people orientated occupation must be able to do the following: speak, persuade, serve, supervise, instruct, mentor and negotiate with others. Some jobs include sales, division managers, executive managers and human resource  managers, where interaction with other people is frequent. Low people orientated occupations include the opposite of high people orientated occupations. People with low people orientated jobs would work as a financial or market analyst, a MIS specialist, or an IT department where little involvement with people occurs. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) CONCLUSION: 5. I think that there is enough evidence to support that the big 5 personality traits are related to career success. The results were as follows: The full set of personality variables was not related significantly to promotions but extraversion was correlated significantly with promotions. Intrinsic and extrinsic outcomes have been considered as related but to distinct aspects of career success. Extrinsic career success was associated with extraversion and, with less consistency, openness to experience and agreeableness. Individuals who were higher on extraversion received greater salaries and more promotions than did those lower on extraversion. Individuals who were less open to experience and less agreeable received greater salaries compared to their more open or agreeable peers. Intrinsic career success was associated with extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness. Individuals who were more extroverted, less neurotic or less agreeable experienced higher levels of career satisfaction than their less extroverted, more neurotic, or more agreeable peers. Moderated regression analysis involving extraversion and agreeableness was unable to find any major effects against intrinsic career success, suggesting that these effects are consistent across occupations requiring different levels of interpersonal interaction. Extraversion was related most consistently to career success, exhibiting positive relationships with salary, promotions, and career satisfaction. Extraversion plays in managerial advancement of persons in people-oriented and non-people oriented occupations. Negative relationship of neuroticism to career satisfaction implies that individuals high on neuroticism evaluate their careers more negatively. Negative relationship of agreeableness with extrinsic career success was provided. Although agreeableness was not related to promotions, it was related negatively to salary for individuals in people-oriented occupations. Agreeableness appears to be a liability in jobs that require  more people skills, and perhaps more â€Å"political† skills. Agreeableness also was related negatively to career satisfaction. There was no support for the hypotheses that neuroticism and conscientiousness are related to the two measures of extrinsic career success, salary, and promotions. Findings suggested that individuals who were more open received lower salaries. Since these results were not hypothesized, confirmation of these relationships in future research is required. The results of the control variables examined in this study generally are consistent with previous career research. Strengths: The results found were accurate. The results found were similar to previous studies. They were able to prove some of their hypostasis. Gives opportunities for future research. Weaknesses: Fault with gender and promotions: mean and standard deviation. I personally don’t agree with some of the definitions. Only business and engineering graduates were surveyed. The sample was small. Self-report, people may not be 100% honest. Most alumni were from Caucasian background. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) BIBLOGRAPHY Scott E. Seibert and Maria L. Kraimer Department of Management Labour Relations, Cleveland State University.

Effects of Emotion in Eyewitness Recall and Recognition

Effects of Emotion in Eyewitness Recall and Recognition Aaron Glogowski Houston, K. A., et al. (2013). The Emotional Eyewitness: The Effects  of Emotion on Specific Aspects of Eyewitness Recall and Recognition Performance. Emotion, 13  (1), 118-128. doi: 10.1037/a0029220 In the world of criminal science, there are several factors that can interfere with the accuracy of eyewitness reports. This article, by Kate Houston and her team, delves into the effects of emotion on eyewitness encounters. The main argument that they are looking at focuses on negative emotion enhancing central memory while impairing the peripheral memory, where central memories are the main details that occurred, likely relating specifically to the action of the crime, and peripheral memories are the smaller details that were happening around the crime. Houston notes that in spite of all of the writings on eyewitness memory, very few studies attempt to show a correlation between it and memory. She goes on to hypothesize that negative correlations will indeed enhance the central memory of the event, further exploring details like the crime itself. In her observations of other studies however, she does note that high stress scenarios tended to cause subjects to forget details about the perpetrator of the situation, at least in the case of a previous study on soldier’s interrogations. In order to test their hypotheses, Houston and her team set up two different experiments designed to test recall memory performance, as well as the participant’s ability to identify the perpetrator of the crime, both associated with negative emotional response. In their first experiment, the team hypothesized that a negative emotional response would allow the participants to more easily describe details about the perpetrator. They gathered a participation group of 101 students from the University of Aberdeen (30 males; 71 females) to engage in the study. They divided the group into two subgroups. The group of 51 was shown a video that was meant to induce an emotional response, and the group of 50 was shown a video intended to illicit a neutral response from the participants. Both videos used the same actors and scenarios up to the point in which the story deviates to the emotional induction. Once the participants had watched their respective videos, they were asked to answer a brief survey about how the video made them feel. They were given several different emotions, as well as a neutral â€Å"I feel nothing† option, and were asked to rank all of these emotions on a scale of 0-3 (0 being not at all, and 3 being very much). After they rated what they were feeling, the results were collected and the participants were given a 20 minute wait period in which they had to fill out a questionnaire on likes and dislikes, though this questionnaire was truly only present to provide a distraction for the next part of the experiment. The participants were then asked to write down as many details about the video that they could remember. In the results of the experiment, Houston’s team discovered that the emotion-inducing video tended to cause much higher responses to negative emotions than the neutral video did. They also noticed that the group viewing the emotional video recalled the events of the emotional moment in much more clarity and complete detail than the neutral video control group, however, they could not recall details about the perpetrator as well. Their data also shows that there is not a significant correlation between the negative emotional responses and the amount of information given about the perpetrator and the critical moment. This data concludes that those experiencing negative emotions tended to focus their attention directly on the perpetrator, however, there was no significant difference in their ability to describe the perpetrator when compared to the results from the neutral video control group. While the idea that focus is altered in a critical moment coincided with the evidence, t he data could not identify any significant difference in memory and recall. The second experiment was designed to test whether or not negative emotions and stress impair the individual’s ability to identify a perpetrator when they are presented with a series of options (in this case, a photo line-up). Houston’s team used two separate photo line-ups for the experiment: one in which the perpetrator’s photo was present, and another where the perpetrator’s photo had been replaced by one that looked very similar to them. The team made sure to select alternates for the replacement photo based on resemblance to the perpetrator according to a method recommended by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act used to identify criminals in the United Kingdom. They split up a group of 233 participants into relatively even subgroups at the beginning of the study. They began the study in the same way as the first experiment: two separate videos were shown, one emotional, one neutral, then the participants were asked about their emotional responses to the videos, and given time after the emotional response portion. Once the period after the emotional response survey had passed, the participants completed a recall survey about the videos, then they divided the groups again into two separate subgroups. One subgroup was shown the picture line-up containing the perpetrator’s image, while the other was shown the line-up with the face double’s image. The results of the second experiment confirmed the team’s previous theories that the video was successful in eliciting an emotional response, and that emotional responses were similar to the previous experiment, based on their initial observations. The second set of findings turned out to be in accordance with the initial hypothesis of the second experiment. Participants who watched the emotional video were much more likely than those who watched the neutral video to incorrectly identify an innocent target as the perpetrator. Around 25% of the time, participants in the group in which the perpetrator’s photo was included would claim that the perpetrator’s picture was not among those in the line-up. Those who saw the neutral video were much more likely to identify the real perpetrator (40.4% as opposed to 27.1% from the emotional video group). In the group in which the perpetrator’s photo was absent however, there appeared to be no significant correlation between emotional response and the answers given. The recall results for this experiment were very similar to the recall results for the first experiment. In collecting their results from the second experiment, Houston’s team arrived at several conclusions based on the data that had been collected. Their data further supported the idea that people exposed to negative emotional experiences focused more on the perpetrator, but less on the rest of the situation, but they no longer had any sense of improved environmental detail. They both however showed the same level of accuracy in describing the target. The photo line-up tests show very different results however, showing that those exposed to negative emotional experiences would more likely identify the wrong target when the target’s picture appears along with others similar in appearance and features to them. When the target was not shown however, the emotional video groups tended to have similar results to those in the neutral video group. In the team’s conclusion to their article, they discussed the probable reasoning behind the discrepancies in their experimental results. They note that the environmental results differ between the experiments, showing that it may be unreliable. The data as a whole shows that negative emotional responses may have different results on eyewitness testimony, depending on the situation.

PC Monitoring of Dynamometer

PC Monitoring of Dynamometer ABSTRACT The aim of the project PC MONITORING OF DYNAMOMETER is to measure and display the Speed Torque and Power of Motor. The behaviour of motor under load and no load characteristics have been studied with the help of virtual instrumentation. The variations in the motor Speed, Torque and Power at no load torque and full load torque have been analysed. Power determines the efficiency of the motor. Torque is varied by altering resistance in the dynamometer control circuit. The entire system will interface with a PC providing virtual instrumentation and data logging facilities. The graphical programming software has been used to study the characteristics of the motor by loading. Data logging and analysis is done by implementing the concept of LabVIEW. AIMS The aim of the project to build and develop the LabVIEW Program to acquire and analyse the data with the help of ADC card. Speed, Torque and Power of the shunt wound dc motor are acquired and analysed. OBJECTIVES Implement the concept of virtual instrumentation. Develop LabVIEW program to acquire Torque, Speed and Power. Analyse the motor characteristics under load and no load using the visual programming. To show the difference between acquiring the data manually and applying Virtual Instrumentation. Chapter 1 gives the introduction to the Motors, Labview and the literature review to realise the project. Chapter 2 is the study of Virtual Instrumentation and Labview programming. Chapter 3 explains the terms Torque, Speed Power asscociated with the shunt motor. Chapter 4 includes the experimental setup for the project with the specifications and the individual work of each and every component. Chapter 5 discussion part includes the introduction to LabVIEW tools used in the programming for the project. Chapter 6 contains the analysis for the manual operation of the motor when load is applied. Includes Torque, Speed, and Voltage characteristics. Chapter 7 includes the labview program for Speed, Torque and Power with the analysis for motor under loaded conditions. Chapter 8 includes the conclusions and the future scope of the project. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION The extent to which electrical energy is used has influence on the development of industry and the economic prosperity of nation. Therefore rather than conserving the energy, methods need to be implemented to control the electrical energy and hence it can be possible only when the problems associated with the system are analysed and rectified with use of technology and time limitation. In industries the shunt wound motors are used where speed control is a critical aspect. The shunt wound motors are highly flexible, versatile and even the operation costs are minimum. The speed of rollers in large rolling mills is an very important aspect to be measured. In this type of application the rpm of each motor is measured and compared to setpoints. Under load motors draw more current which may damage the working capabilities of the motor thus causing damage. Hence there is a need for operating range for a motor to work even in extreme conditions. Characteristics such as Speed, Torque, Power, operating voltage and current are important for selection of motors. Power is the capability of the motor to do some work. The motor characteristics at high speed are highly different from that to low speeds. The power of motors is very low at high speeds consuming very less of electric distribution. The shunt wound type of motors run basically at a constant speed, regardless of load. In industries the shunt wound motors are used where speed control is a critical aspect. The shunt wound motors are highly flexible, versatile and even the operation costs are minimum. Motors runs at certain speed depending on the shunt field and armature. The armature produces the back EMF to maintain a certain speed as the shaft rotates. The back EMF is produced when the rotor rotates. As the load increases it causes the armature shaft to slow down and in this case the back EMF produced will be decreased. There are two methods for controlling the speed of a motor. The first one is by increasing or decreasing the voltage supply to the field. If less voltage is given the motor runs at low speed and as the voltage is increased the speed increases accordingly. The other method is by inserting resistance in the field circuit which makes the speed to vary upon changing the load. When load is increased apparently speed is decreased and vice versa. The change in load and speed torque and power can be acquired with the Software designed for acquisition and data analysis which is LabVIEW. LABVIEW Lab view in short is for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench. Labview is a very powerful and flexible instrumentation and analysis software developed by National Instruments. Labview is a programme particularly developed for engineers and scientists working in automation industry and data analysis. The principle Labview works is the data flow. They are broken into wires and nodes. The inputs and outputs are considered a node. It has got the built in libraries for Data Acquisition, Instrument Control and data analysis. Data acquisition is to measure electrical or physical quantities such as voltage, current, temperature, pressure, or sound. PC-based data acquisition is a combination of hardware, application software, and pc for logging the data. Software is highly important to data acquisition systems. The reduction of hardware can be done if an effective software is designed. Data Acquisition software collects the data and displays the data. Ease in data analysis and presentation are the major reasons for using the computers in data acquisition . LabVIEW can acquire accurate and timely measurements for monitoring industrial and control system applications. LabVIEW quickly connects to number of industrial sensors which acquires data at very high speeds. The tools provided in the LabVIEW can perform advanced signal processing, frequency analysis, digital signal processing. LabVIEW can also be applied for machine vision, motion control, and machine condition monitoring In LabVIEW, the logic can be easily developed by using the drag drop graphical icons instead of writing lines of programs. Time taking programmes can be written in very short period using labview. This graphical language can be used in industrial applications to control instruments, build automated test systems, and acquire data virtually and many more. LITERATURE REVIEW The literature on fundamentals and applications of data acquisition, instrumentation, and control to engineering and technology is very extensive. Peter T lee conducted experiments based on the torque-speed characteristics of a motor with the help of mechanical design and 3-D using the computer. The computer simulation was drawn from a mechanical model. Upon implementing the above methods a conclusion has been made on the torque- speed characteristics of dc shunt motor. The maximum speed of the motor is at no load applying zero torque. The stall torque represents a point where the motor is at zero speed. Dynamic and steady state response mathematical models were designed. The torque meter is used to calculate the torque. The torque speed curve obtained is is bit nonlinear. The mechanical design produced had few constraints which led to the nonlinearity of the curves. As described by Comer in dc electric motor control systems series motors develop high torques at very low speeds when compared to shunt motors. For a given voltage the speed-torque characteristics show a linear decrease with the speed. Motor speed is controlled by controlling the voltage to the armature which involves construction of a circuit involving inverter amplifier, opamps, pulse width modulator which is confusing and rather time taking. Saffet Ayasun proposed Matlab and Simpower systems for studying the steady state and transient characteristics of electrical machines. Simulink models have been designed to control the speed in three ways. Simulink has been proposed for field resistance control, armature resistance control and armature voltage control. The conclusions drawn from the simulink modelling is that the electrical machines are perfectly integrated with the software. Pierre Guillemin proposed a technique based on fuzzy logic for controlling a dc motor. His work included on motors in food processing industries whose speed varies upon load. He worked on designing the fuzzy logic for the speed to be constant even though theres a much change in the load. The main methodlogy is top control the voltage involving the techniques of phase angle modulation and pulse width modulation. Use of fuzzy logic avoided the need for mathematical modelling. Real time test and acquisition has been done using the pc and eprom version of ST6 device has been used for controlling the fuzzy logic. So the main disadvantage of using ST6 is that it needs pages of text coding and has a instruction list of 40./p> From the above proposed techniques we can conclude that it not only makes the system complicated but also it takes lot of time to design a program and create a logic for it to run. Manual way of operating may result in human errors decreasing the quality of product. Hence the need for data acquisition at high speed without much implementation of hardware components can be possible with the help of virtual instrumentation. Virtual instrumentation is the combination of modular software and I/O with software as its main tool. Today in any type of computer aided manufacturing project work and laboratory tests, precision and reliability of instrumentation and data acquisition techniques may cause major impacts on results and outcomes. Therefore, there is a need to gain knowledge and skills to obtain any type of physical or virtual data on manufacturing, testing, measurement, and protection areas. METHODOLOGY The data has been acquired from a dynamometer motor system and is displayed on the pc for analysis involving a communication between hardware and software. The ADC card communicates between the systems with the help of a data cable. The conditioned signals are connected to the channels of the DAQ board. The hardware system is in conjunction with the PC running LabVIEW. LabVIEW contains front panel and the block diagram which displays the data acquired and further analysis can be done. The front panel and block diagram are responsible for the understanding of programming involved. CHAPTER-2 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION Virtual Instrumentation is the combination of software, Input/Output hardware for the user desired applications. Sofware is the heart of Virtual Instrumentation. Instrumentation is basically divided into two types one is natural instrumentation and the other is Virtual Instrumentation. Natural instrumentation consists of hardware components and Virtual instrumentation is of Software with limited hardware components. The main difference between natural instrumentation and virtual instrumentation is that the software component of virtual instruments is more reliable and versatile when compared to the hardware components. TRADITIONAL INSTRUMENT VS VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT The above Fig shows the difference between natural Instrument and a Virtual Instruments. In natural instrument a embedded chip is fixed to do a particular job which is not flexible whereas in a virtual instrument software can be modified and used for different applications as per the requirement. LabVIEW Labview stands for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench. LabView is a visual programming language from National Instruments. The graphical language is originally named G. LabVIEW is used for data acquisition, industrial automation and instrument control. The programs in labview are called as virtual instruments .The graphical language can be easily identified by visual identification which makes it very easier to understand. Labview programs are termed as virtual instruments as they generally look and work as the instruments. Labview comes with a mechanism which allows data to pass between front panel and the block diagram. Labview is used by engineers and scientists to develop the sophisticated measurement, test, analyse control systems using graphical icons and wires. Labview can integrate with thousands of hardware devices and numerous built libraries are provided for analysis and data visualisation DATAFLOW PROGRAMMING The programming language used in LabVIEW is called G which is termed as a dataflow language. Labview Programme execution is determined by the way the block diagram is structured. Drawing wires are used to connect different function nodes. The information is transferred through the wires. The program is executed as soon as the input is available. G program is capable of parallel execution. The dataflow completely defines the execution sequence, and can be fully controlled by the programmer. The execution sequence is perfectly defined in Labview as defined in some software languages. GRAPHICAL PROGRAMMING LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments. Each VI has three components: Block diagram Front panel Connector pane. Data Flow is the principle for the VI execution. The VI are data driven whereas the normal text coding are instruction driven as specified by the programmer. When all the input data is available then the node starts executing and the processed data is supplied to the output terminals. The graphical language makes it very easier for the programmers in which virtual instruments can be dragged and dropped as per requirement. Stand alone applications can be built with the help of advanced labview development systems. The front panel serves as a user interface between the user and the pc. When front panel is dropped as a node onto the block diagram, the node inputs and outputs can be defined in with the help of connector pane. CHAPTER -3 DC SHUNT MOTOR A motor is a machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical or rotating energy. DC motors are basically divided into two types. Series motors and Shunt motor. Shunt Motor are the one in which the field is parallel to the load. In shunt motors the armature is mounted on the motor shaft. The rotating part in the dc motor is termed as the armature. The windings are located in the slots on the surface of the armature. When the current is supplied to the armature windings it creates a magnetic field that reacts with the field poles. Hence this magnetic field develops a torque which turn the rotor that is the armature. While the rotor rotates it induces a voltage which is opposite to the supplied voltage and hence emf is generated. At start the resistance is high and as the motor picks up the speed the resistance is reduced gradually. In manual start the resistance is controlled by the man at work whereas in automatic start of motor the armature voltage or current is taken into consideration and the resistance is corrected in the begging of start . The increase in armature voltage results in increase in speed and as the armature voltage is decreased the speed decreases. Torque is directly proportional to armature current. Increases in armature current causes the increase in torque.The rotation of the armature can be reversed by reversing the current direction. At start of the motor the current is high. As armature starts rotating the back emf increases gradually with the speed and the current decreases. When the speed of the armature comes to constant the back emf is stable approaching the induced voltage. If a mechanical load is applied the speed decreases and hence the counter emf decreases. This decreases in counter emf increases the differential voltage and thus increases the input current supply to motor. Torque is directly proportional to armature magnetic field strength. Armature magnetic field is directly proportional to armature current which in turn depends on mechanical load applied. Hence any increase in mechanical load increases the armature current and armature magnetic field strength and thus the Torque increases. Thus the speed of the motor decreases. DC motors are differentiated based on their voltage, torque, speed and power. TORQUE Torque is the rotating force of the shaft of a motor. This rotating force is developed due to the interaction of magnetic field between field windings and the field poles. The torque of a motor can be determined by connecting it to prony brake The torque in general terms is the force exerted by the shaft of a motor. i.e if force is applies to a lever which is free to rotate about one fixed point the lever will rotate unless restrained. The torque is defined as t=Fr or Frsin?. The torque which is produced in clockwise is called a clockwise torque and the torque which is obtained in anticlockwise is called anticlockwise torque. FULL LOAD TORQUE The continous torque motor can support without overheating under the specified time rating is full load torque. PEAK TORQUE Peak torque is the maximum torque required at any point. Peak torque is delivered to motor without much overheating the motor. Peak torque is normally less than the stall torque. PULL OUT TORQUE This is maximum torque of the rotating shaft when operated at high speed and full voltage. Pull out torque is also considered as the breakdown torque. STARTING TORQUE Torque exerted by the motor when energized at full voltage with its shaft locked is starting torque. It is also termed as locked rotor torque. SPEED The motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. The rotational energy is used to lift things, propel things, turn things, etc. When a specific voltage is supplied to a motor, it rotates the output shaft at a particular speed. The angular velocity, is measured in rad/s, rps, rpm. Speed of a shunt motor can be controlled in three ways. Field Control Method Armature Control Method Armature Voltage Control method FIELD CONTROL METHOD In field control method the speed of the armature is controlled by adjusting the field current. upto certain speed the counter emf and the speed remains constant. Field Control method is also termed as constant speed drive. ARMATURE RESISTANCE CONTROL In Armature resistance control external resistance is inserted in the armature circuit for controlling the speed of motor. The insertion of resistance keeps the armature current constant in certain speed range. The main disadvantages using this techniques include powerloss in external resistance and overall low efficiency when speed is reduced to great extent. ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL Armature voltage control is preferred over the other methods as powerloss and low efficiency is avoided. In this method the shunt field current is kept constant while varying the armature voltage. Hence the armature current and the flux generated remains constant. At certain current the torque remains constant since armature current is directly proportional to torque. Thus the speed of the motor can be controlled to certain range. SPEED REGULATION The speed regulation for a dc motor is the ratio of change in speed from no load to full loadf load speed. POWER The power of a motor is defined as the capability of motor to do given amount of work.Power of a motor depends on torque, speed of the shaft and the amount of time the time operates. Electric motors are rated generally on their maximum efficiency. Thus Greater the horse power of a motor greater is the working range. Operation of a motor more than rated horse power leads to overheating of the motor thus causing a stall. This may even damage the motor in the long run. The power of motor can be determined by connecting it to a dynamometer. DYNAMOMETER Dynamometer is a device which measures force and power. Eddy current Dynamometer consists of a stator in which electromagnets and rotor disc are coupled to shaft of the engine .When a rotor is made to rotate the eddy currents are produced in the stator due to magnetic flux which is created by the filed current in electromagnets. This type of dynamometers requires some cooling arrangement as the eddy currents produced dissipates heat energy. The moment arm is used to measure the torque. In this kind of dynamometers the load is controlled by the regulation of currents in electromagnetic fields. Design Cycle The selection of appropriate hardware and software was an essential part of this project. The first section of this chapter 4 gives the information of hardware components of a system, the diagrams and specifications are discussed .The second part of this chapter describes the hardware design process and software is described in the third section ,code used for the system are going to be presented. CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP DC SHUNT MOTOR-WORKING The DC motor has two basic parts: The choosen shunt Dc motor is the motor which converts electrical power to mechanical power. The shunt motor is different from that of series motor. In the shunt type dc motor field winding is connected in parallel with the armature. The field winding is parallel to armature and this is referred as shunt winding and the motor is called a shunt motor. The rated rpm of the motor is 1500. The speed of the motor can be increased or decreased with the help of a drive. The current can be increased or decreased to set the speed. To reduce the speed of the motor mechanical load can be applied. Torque can be applied to reduce the speed of the motor. Under loaded conditions the speed of the motor reduces. Motor can be applied until it reaches the rated torque of the motor. If the load goes beyond the rated torque it starts drawing high curent and after some time it comes to stall. CHARACTERISTICS OF SHUNT MOTOR Shunt motors run at constant speed even when there is huge variation in the load. The Speed of the shunt-wound motors may be regulated in two ways. The first way is by putting resistance in series with the armature, through which the speed is decreased and the second method is by inserting resistance in the field by which the speed will vary as the motor is loaded. The characteristics of a shunt-wound motor is that it has a very good speed regulation, and is aconstant speed motor, though the speed slightly decreases as load is increased. Shunt-wound motors are used mostly in industrial and automotive applications where accurate measurement of Torque, Speed are highly necessary. EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETER A dynamometer is a device used to load the motor which also indicates the torque. The dynamometer used in this project works on hysteresis brake principle. The dynamometer system mainly consists of three parts: Dynamometer Torque indicator Power Supply Eddy current dynamometers are the actuated braking systems. This braking system develops load torque with the interaction from the dc magnetic field produced by the windings on the stator and induced eddy currents in the rotor. When the magnetic field is added around the rotor it causes eddy currents. These eddy currents help in slowing down the speed. Dynamometer01CJC.svg The torque developed in the dynamometer is transmitted to the stator which is free to rotate over an arc and this is used to deflect a spring balance and so the torque can be directly measured on a scale. Eddy current dynamometer comes with a rotary potentiometer which works on the principle ROTARY POTENTIOMETER Rotary potentiometers come with a spiral resistive strip, and a wiper which moves axially as it rotates. As the wiper moves across the resistive strip resistance changes. VOLTAGE DIVIDER The voltage divider is used to know the output voltage when input voltage is given across the resistance. The ouput voltage depends upon the input voltage given and the resistor chosen. The resistor choosen is 10k? and an input voltage of 5v is given to the voltage divider. VOLTAGE DIVIDER The input voltage is given across the termicals 1 and 2 and the output voltage is taken across the terminals 2 and 3. Connect the voltmeter across the resistance . Now switch the output voltage off and manipulate the input voltage to 5v. Now switch on the output toggle button on . The input voltage is set to 5v. AC TACHOMETER: Tachometers are used to measure the angular speed of a rotating shaft. The speed is measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). A tachometer works on the principle that it the speed of rotating shaft is determined by the variation in output frequency signal or voltage. As the speed increases the voltage level and the frequency increases. CONTACT TYPE AC TACHOMETER The above fig shows the tachometer coupled to the motor. Ac tachometer used in the design is rated at 0.5v/100rpm. It shows that increase in speed increases. For every 100rpm variation the voltage increases by 0.5 rpm. The voltage signal from the ac tachometer is given to the simple presicion rectifier which further converts the signal to dc voltage. SIMPLE PRECISION FULL WAVE RECTIFIER A simple precision full wave rectifier converts the ac voltage to dc voltage. The simple precision full wave rectifier is built with operation amplifier which works on the principle of differential voltage. An operational amplifier is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier which has differential inputs and a single output. Negative feed back controls the gain in the opamps. The output goes positive when the non inverting input(+) goes more positive than the inverting input (-) and vice versa When the input signal goes positive again, the op amps output voltage will take time to go back to zero, then to forward bias the diode and produce an output. The time taken is determined by the opamps slew rate. Slew rate is the maximum attainable range of the output voltage. Slew rate limits the highest frequency of the sin wave. The opamp 741 choosen in the project has a slew rate of 0.5v per micro seconds SIMPLE PRECISION FULL WAVE RECTIFIER The negative voltage at the input through the diode and resistor. The positive half cycles appear at the output of the second diode. When positive voltage is given the feed back is given by the diodes and hence negative cycles . The positive cycles and negative cycles are summed differentially to get the output voltage. The opamp 741 choosen in the project has a slew rate of 0.5v per micro seconds For measurement applications the signal has to be ripple free. Hence low pass filter can be used to achieve the signal free from ripples. RC LOW PASS FILTER Resistor Capacitance generally termed as RC circuits are used in filtering a signal waveform, thus changing the relative amounts of high frequency and low information in their output signals compared to their input signals. RC filter is a common application for smoothing a signal. The RC circuit has a capacitor and a resistor in which are connected in series. The charged capacitor would discharge its energy into the resistor placed in series with it. This voltage across the capacitor is found through Kirchhoffs current law which says that the current coming from capacitor is equal the current flowing out through the resistor. The linear differential eqn. can be given by ANALOG TO DIGITAL CARD Analog to Digital conversion is interfacinf the analog I/O with the Digital I/O. ADC cnversion takes place in three stages. They are Sampling, Quantisation and encoding. The ADC card which is used in the Project is CIO-DASO8/JR-A0. SAMPLING The analog input cannot be directly sent to the pc. The ADC digitises the analog input signal continusly. The proper reconstruction of signal is possible only when the sampling rate is twice the highest frequency component. If the sampling rate is under that the problem of Alaising occurs. To eleminate the problems of aliasing the signal must be sampled at a rate higher than Nyquist frequency rate. The fig shows the sampling rates and the construction of the signal. If a signal is sampled at too low rate perfect reconstruction of signal is nt possible which results in the loss of data. QUANTISATION Quantisation represents the signal in discrete and certainj voltage levels. Quantisation actually is approximating the signals to the lowest possible range. The fig below shows the sampling of a singal which is then quatises indicated by a red line. The quantization is necessary as during the sampling the small range of signals may not be digitised. This results in loss of information. By approximating the values the reconstruction of signal is perfect. CODING Coding is the process of converting the sampled signals to n bits which are represented by 0 and 1s. These bits represent certain voltage levels which is given by the resolution. SPECIFICATIONS When acquiring data to a computer, an analog to digital Conveter takes an analog signal and digitises the signal. The sigal is digitised to sertain binary numbers. These binary numbers represents respective voltage levels. Resolution refers to the number of binary levels ADC can represent a signal. The resolution of a n bit ADC can be by taking the value . The ADC card which is used in the Project is CIO-DASO8/JR-A0. DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL ARCHITECTURE Data acquisition and cntrol architectlog input is given to the pc via ADC which converts the analog input to digital input. The data can be transmitted bidirectionally with the help of data acquisition device. Labview Software is loaded in the pc which acquires the data with the help of built in libraraies. INSTACAL Instacal is software which manages the data acquisition hardware. It is used in calibration of the boards attached. It scans all the internal registers and the electronic equipment and if any fault found error messages are shown. The ADC is calibrated with the help of instacal to check whether the data logger is accurate or not. CHAPTER 5 LABVIEW Labview environment is opened by when new VI is selected from the start up screen. The file menu contains commands for file manipulations. Edit menu is used to modify the block diagram and front panel objects. By default the undo or redo settings for a VI are 8. It can be manipulated as per the requirement. Operate menu acts in running or stopping a VI or to change the settings of VI. The tools menu acts as interface in communicating with the data acquisition boards to build the applications and in enabling the web server. WINDOW INTRODUCTION Labview programming is mainly divided into two panels. The first one is the Front Panel and all the controls and indicators are in l PC Monitoring of Dynamometer PC Monitoring of Dynamometer ABSTRACT The aim of the project PC MONITORING OF DYNAMOMETER is to measure and display the Speed Torque and Power of Motor. The behaviour of motor under load and no load characteristics have been studied with the help of virtual instrumentation. The variations in the motor Speed, Torque and Power at no load torque and full load torque have been analysed. Power determines the efficiency of the motor. Torque is varied by altering resistance in the dynamometer control circuit. The entire system will interface with a PC providing virtual instrumentation and data logging facilities. The graphical programming software has been used to study the characteristics of the motor by loading. Data logging and analysis is done by implementing the concept of LabVIEW. AIMS The aim of the project to build and develop the LabVIEW Program to acquire and analyse the data with the help of ADC card. Speed, Torque and Power of the shunt wound dc motor are acquired and analysed. OBJECTIVES Implement the concept of virtual instrumentation. Develop LabVIEW program to acquire Torque, Speed and Power. Analyse the motor characteristics under load and no load using the visual programming. To show the difference between acquiring the data manually and applying Virtual Instrumentation. Chapter 1 gives the introduction to the Motors, Labview and the literature review to realise the project. Chapter 2 is the study of Virtual Instrumentation and Labview programming. Chapter 3 explains the terms Torque, Speed Power asscociated with the shunt motor. Chapter 4 includes the experimental setup for the project with the specifications and the individual work of each and every component. Chapter 5 discussion part includes the introduction to LabVIEW tools used in the programming for the project. Chapter 6 contains the analysis for the manual operation of the motor when load is applied. Includes Torque, Speed, and Voltage characteristics. Chapter 7 includes the labview program for Speed, Torque and Power with the analysis for motor under loaded conditions. Chapter 8 includes the conclusions and the future scope of the project. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION The extent to which electrical energy is used has influence on the development of industry and the economic prosperity of nation. Therefore rather than conserving the energy, methods need to be implemented to control the electrical energy and hence it can be possible only when the problems associated with the system are analysed and rectified with use of technology and time limitation. In industries the shunt wound motors are used where speed control is a critical aspect. The shunt wound motors are highly flexible, versatile and even the operation costs are minimum. The speed of rollers in large rolling mills is an very important aspect to be measured. In this type of application the rpm of each motor is measured and compared to setpoints. Under load motors draw more current which may damage the working capabilities of the motor thus causing damage. Hence there is a need for operating range for a motor to work even in extreme conditions. Characteristics such as Speed, Torque, Power, operating voltage and current are important for selection of motors. Power is the capability of the motor to do some work. The motor characteristics at high speed are highly different from that to low speeds. The power of motors is very low at high speeds consuming very less of electric distribution. The shunt wound type of motors run basically at a constant speed, regardless of load. In industries the shunt wound motors are used where speed control is a critical aspect. The shunt wound motors are highly flexible, versatile and even the operation costs are minimum. Motors runs at certain speed depending on the shunt field and armature. The armature produces the back EMF to maintain a certain speed as the shaft rotates. The back EMF is produced when the rotor rotates. As the load increases it causes the armature shaft to slow down and in this case the back EMF produced will be decreased. There are two methods for controlling the speed of a motor. The first one is by increasing or decreasing the voltage supply to the field. If less voltage is given the motor runs at low speed and as the voltage is increased the speed increases accordingly. The other method is by inserting resistance in the field circuit which makes the speed to vary upon changing the load. When load is increased apparently speed is decreased and vice versa. The change in load and speed torque and power can be acquired with the Software designed for acquisition and data analysis which is LabVIEW. LABVIEW Lab view in short is for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench. Labview is a very powerful and flexible instrumentation and analysis software developed by National Instruments. Labview is a programme particularly developed for engineers and scientists working in automation industry and data analysis. The principle Labview works is the data flow. They are broken into wires and nodes. The inputs and outputs are considered a node. It has got the built in libraries for Data Acquisition, Instrument Control and data analysis. Data acquisition is to measure electrical or physical quantities such as voltage, current, temperature, pressure, or sound. PC-based data acquisition is a combination of hardware, application software, and pc for logging the data. Software is highly important to data acquisition systems. The reduction of hardware can be done if an effective software is designed. Data Acquisition software collects the data and displays the data. Ease in data analysis and presentation are the major reasons for using the computers in data acquisition . LabVIEW can acquire accurate and timely measurements for monitoring industrial and control system applications. LabVIEW quickly connects to number of industrial sensors which acquires data at very high speeds. The tools provided in the LabVIEW can perform advanced signal processing, frequency analysis, digital signal processing. LabVIEW can also be applied for machine vision, motion control, and machine condition monitoring In LabVIEW, the logic can be easily developed by using the drag drop graphical icons instead of writing lines of programs. Time taking programmes can be written in very short period using labview. This graphical language can be used in industrial applications to control instruments, build automated test systems, and acquire data virtually and many more. LITERATURE REVIEW The literature on fundamentals and applications of data acquisition, instrumentation, and control to engineering and technology is very extensive. Peter T lee conducted experiments based on the torque-speed characteristics of a motor with the help of mechanical design and 3-D using the computer. The computer simulation was drawn from a mechanical model. Upon implementing the above methods a conclusion has been made on the torque- speed characteristics of dc shunt motor. The maximum speed of the motor is at no load applying zero torque. The stall torque represents a point where the motor is at zero speed. Dynamic and steady state response mathematical models were designed. The torque meter is used to calculate the torque. The torque speed curve obtained is is bit nonlinear. The mechanical design produced had few constraints which led to the nonlinearity of the curves. As described by Comer in dc electric motor control systems series motors develop high torques at very low speeds when compared to shunt motors. For a given voltage the speed-torque characteristics show a linear decrease with the speed. Motor speed is controlled by controlling the voltage to the armature which involves construction of a circuit involving inverter amplifier, opamps, pulse width modulator which is confusing and rather time taking. Saffet Ayasun proposed Matlab and Simpower systems for studying the steady state and transient characteristics of electrical machines. Simulink models have been designed to control the speed in three ways. Simulink has been proposed for field resistance control, armature resistance control and armature voltage control. The conclusions drawn from the simulink modelling is that the electrical machines are perfectly integrated with the software. Pierre Guillemin proposed a technique based on fuzzy logic for controlling a dc motor. His work included on motors in food processing industries whose speed varies upon load. He worked on designing the fuzzy logic for the speed to be constant even though theres a much change in the load. The main methodlogy is top control the voltage involving the techniques of phase angle modulation and pulse width modulation. Use of fuzzy logic avoided the need for mathematical modelling. Real time test and acquisition has been done using the pc and eprom version of ST6 device has been used for controlling the fuzzy logic. So the main disadvantage of using ST6 is that it needs pages of text coding and has a instruction list of 40./p> From the above proposed techniques we can conclude that it not only makes the system complicated but also it takes lot of time to design a program and create a logic for it to run. Manual way of operating may result in human errors decreasing the quality of product. Hence the need for data acquisition at high speed without much implementation of hardware components can be possible with the help of virtual instrumentation. Virtual instrumentation is the combination of modular software and I/O with software as its main tool. Today in any type of computer aided manufacturing project work and laboratory tests, precision and reliability of instrumentation and data acquisition techniques may cause major impacts on results and outcomes. Therefore, there is a need to gain knowledge and skills to obtain any type of physical or virtual data on manufacturing, testing, measurement, and protection areas. METHODOLOGY The data has been acquired from a dynamometer motor system and is displayed on the pc for analysis involving a communication between hardware and software. The ADC card communicates between the systems with the help of a data cable. The conditioned signals are connected to the channels of the DAQ board. The hardware system is in conjunction with the PC running LabVIEW. LabVIEW contains front panel and the block diagram which displays the data acquired and further analysis can be done. The front panel and block diagram are responsible for the understanding of programming involved. CHAPTER-2 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION Virtual Instrumentation is the combination of software, Input/Output hardware for the user desired applications. Sofware is the heart of Virtual Instrumentation. Instrumentation is basically divided into two types one is natural instrumentation and the other is Virtual Instrumentation. Natural instrumentation consists of hardware components and Virtual instrumentation is of Software with limited hardware components. The main difference between natural instrumentation and virtual instrumentation is that the software component of virtual instruments is more reliable and versatile when compared to the hardware components. TRADITIONAL INSTRUMENT VS VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT The above Fig shows the difference between natural Instrument and a Virtual Instruments. In natural instrument a embedded chip is fixed to do a particular job which is not flexible whereas in a virtual instrument software can be modified and used for different applications as per the requirement. LabVIEW Labview stands for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench. LabView is a visual programming language from National Instruments. The graphical language is originally named G. LabVIEW is used for data acquisition, industrial automation and instrument control. The programs in labview are called as virtual instruments .The graphical language can be easily identified by visual identification which makes it very easier to understand. Labview programs are termed as virtual instruments as they generally look and work as the instruments. Labview comes with a mechanism which allows data to pass between front panel and the block diagram. Labview is used by engineers and scientists to develop the sophisticated measurement, test, analyse control systems using graphical icons and wires. Labview can integrate with thousands of hardware devices and numerous built libraries are provided for analysis and data visualisation DATAFLOW PROGRAMMING The programming language used in LabVIEW is called G which is termed as a dataflow language. Labview Programme execution is determined by the way the block diagram is structured. Drawing wires are used to connect different function nodes. The information is transferred through the wires. The program is executed as soon as the input is available. G program is capable of parallel execution. The dataflow completely defines the execution sequence, and can be fully controlled by the programmer. The execution sequence is perfectly defined in Labview as defined in some software languages. GRAPHICAL PROGRAMMING LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments. Each VI has three components: Block diagram Front panel Connector pane. Data Flow is the principle for the VI execution. The VI are data driven whereas the normal text coding are instruction driven as specified by the programmer. When all the input data is available then the node starts executing and the processed data is supplied to the output terminals. The graphical language makes it very easier for the programmers in which virtual instruments can be dragged and dropped as per requirement. Stand alone applications can be built with the help of advanced labview development systems. The front panel serves as a user interface between the user and the pc. When front panel is dropped as a node onto the block diagram, the node inputs and outputs can be defined in with the help of connector pane. CHAPTER -3 DC SHUNT MOTOR A motor is a machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical or rotating energy. DC motors are basically divided into two types. Series motors and Shunt motor. Shunt Motor are the one in which the field is parallel to the load. In shunt motors the armature is mounted on the motor shaft. The rotating part in the dc motor is termed as the armature. The windings are located in the slots on the surface of the armature. When the current is supplied to the armature windings it creates a magnetic field that reacts with the field poles. Hence this magnetic field develops a torque which turn the rotor that is the armature. While the rotor rotates it induces a voltage which is opposite to the supplied voltage and hence emf is generated. At start the resistance is high and as the motor picks up the speed the resistance is reduced gradually. In manual start the resistance is controlled by the man at work whereas in automatic start of motor the armature voltage or current is taken into consideration and the resistance is corrected in the begging of start . The increase in armature voltage results in increase in speed and as the armature voltage is decreased the speed decreases. Torque is directly proportional to armature current. Increases in armature current causes the increase in torque.The rotation of the armature can be reversed by reversing the current direction. At start of the motor the current is high. As armature starts rotating the back emf increases gradually with the speed and the current decreases. When the speed of the armature comes to constant the back emf is stable approaching the induced voltage. If a mechanical load is applied the speed decreases and hence the counter emf decreases. This decreases in counter emf increases the differential voltage and thus increases the input current supply to motor. Torque is directly proportional to armature magnetic field strength. Armature magnetic field is directly proportional to armature current which in turn depends on mechanical load applied. Hence any increase in mechanical load increases the armature current and armature magnetic field strength and thus the Torque increases. Thus the speed of the motor decreases. DC motors are differentiated based on their voltage, torque, speed and power. TORQUE Torque is the rotating force of the shaft of a motor. This rotating force is developed due to the interaction of magnetic field between field windings and the field poles. The torque of a motor can be determined by connecting it to prony brake The torque in general terms is the force exerted by the shaft of a motor. i.e if force is applies to a lever which is free to rotate about one fixed point the lever will rotate unless restrained. The torque is defined as t=Fr or Frsin?. The torque which is produced in clockwise is called a clockwise torque and the torque which is obtained in anticlockwise is called anticlockwise torque. FULL LOAD TORQUE The continous torque motor can support without overheating under the specified time rating is full load torque. PEAK TORQUE Peak torque is the maximum torque required at any point. Peak torque is delivered to motor without much overheating the motor. Peak torque is normally less than the stall torque. PULL OUT TORQUE This is maximum torque of the rotating shaft when operated at high speed and full voltage. Pull out torque is also considered as the breakdown torque. STARTING TORQUE Torque exerted by the motor when energized at full voltage with its shaft locked is starting torque. It is also termed as locked rotor torque. SPEED The motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. The rotational energy is used to lift things, propel things, turn things, etc. When a specific voltage is supplied to a motor, it rotates the output shaft at a particular speed. The angular velocity, is measured in rad/s, rps, rpm. Speed of a shunt motor can be controlled in three ways. Field Control Method Armature Control Method Armature Voltage Control method FIELD CONTROL METHOD In field control method the speed of the armature is controlled by adjusting the field current. upto certain speed the counter emf and the speed remains constant. Field Control method is also termed as constant speed drive. ARMATURE RESISTANCE CONTROL In Armature resistance control external resistance is inserted in the armature circuit for controlling the speed of motor. The insertion of resistance keeps the armature current constant in certain speed range. The main disadvantages using this techniques include powerloss in external resistance and overall low efficiency when speed is reduced to great extent. ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL Armature voltage control is preferred over the other methods as powerloss and low efficiency is avoided. In this method the shunt field current is kept constant while varying the armature voltage. Hence the armature current and the flux generated remains constant. At certain current the torque remains constant since armature current is directly proportional to torque. Thus the speed of the motor can be controlled to certain range. SPEED REGULATION The speed regulation for a dc motor is the ratio of change in speed from no load to full loadf load speed. POWER The power of a motor is defined as the capability of motor to do given amount of work.Power of a motor depends on torque, speed of the shaft and the amount of time the time operates. Electric motors are rated generally on their maximum efficiency. Thus Greater the horse power of a motor greater is the working range. Operation of a motor more than rated horse power leads to overheating of the motor thus causing a stall. This may even damage the motor in the long run. The power of motor can be determined by connecting it to a dynamometer. DYNAMOMETER Dynamometer is a device which measures force and power. Eddy current Dynamometer consists of a stator in which electromagnets and rotor disc are coupled to shaft of the engine .When a rotor is made to rotate the eddy currents are produced in the stator due to magnetic flux which is created by the filed current in electromagnets. This type of dynamometers requires some cooling arrangement as the eddy currents produced dissipates heat energy. The moment arm is used to measure the torque. In this kind of dynamometers the load is controlled by the regulation of currents in electromagnetic fields. Design Cycle The selection of appropriate hardware and software was an essential part of this project. The first section of this chapter 4 gives the information of hardware components of a system, the diagrams and specifications are discussed .The second part of this chapter describes the hardware design process and software is described in the third section ,code used for the system are going to be presented. CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP DC SHUNT MOTOR-WORKING The DC motor has two basic parts: The choosen shunt Dc motor is the motor which converts electrical power to mechanical power. The shunt motor is different from that of series motor. In the shunt type dc motor field winding is connected in parallel with the armature. The field winding is parallel to armature and this is referred as shunt winding and the motor is called a shunt motor. The rated rpm of the motor is 1500. The speed of the motor can be increased or decreased with the help of a drive. The current can be increased or decreased to set the speed. To reduce the speed of the motor mechanical load can be applied. Torque can be applied to reduce the speed of the motor. Under loaded conditions the speed of the motor reduces. Motor can be applied until it reaches the rated torque of the motor. If the load goes beyond the rated torque it starts drawing high curent and after some time it comes to stall. CHARACTERISTICS OF SHUNT MOTOR Shunt motors run at constant speed even when there is huge variation in the load. The Speed of the shunt-wound motors may be regulated in two ways. The first way is by putting resistance in series with the armature, through which the speed is decreased and the second method is by inserting resistance in the field by which the speed will vary as the motor is loaded. The characteristics of a shunt-wound motor is that it has a very good speed regulation, and is aconstant speed motor, though the speed slightly decreases as load is increased. Shunt-wound motors are used mostly in industrial and automotive applications where accurate measurement of Torque, Speed are highly necessary. EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETER A dynamometer is a device used to load the motor which also indicates the torque. The dynamometer used in this project works on hysteresis brake principle. The dynamometer system mainly consists of three parts: Dynamometer Torque indicator Power Supply Eddy current dynamometers are the actuated braking systems. This braking system develops load torque with the interaction from the dc magnetic field produced by the windings on the stator and induced eddy currents in the rotor. When the magnetic field is added around the rotor it causes eddy currents. These eddy currents help in slowing down the speed. Dynamometer01CJC.svg The torque developed in the dynamometer is transmitted to the stator which is free to rotate over an arc and this is used to deflect a spring balance and so the torque can be directly measured on a scale. Eddy current dynamometer comes with a rotary potentiometer which works on the principle ROTARY POTENTIOMETER Rotary potentiometers come with a spiral resistive strip, and a wiper which moves axially as it rotates. As the wiper moves across the resistive strip resistance changes. VOLTAGE DIVIDER The voltage divider is used to know the output voltage when input voltage is given across the resistance. The ouput voltage depends upon the input voltage given and the resistor chosen. The resistor choosen is 10k? and an input voltage of 5v is given to the voltage divider. VOLTAGE DIVIDER The input voltage is given across the termicals 1 and 2 and the output voltage is taken across the terminals 2 and 3. Connect the voltmeter across the resistance . Now switch the output voltage off and manipulate the input voltage to 5v. Now switch on the output toggle button on . The input voltage is set to 5v. AC TACHOMETER: Tachometers are used to measure the angular speed of a rotating shaft. The speed is measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). A tachometer works on the principle that it the speed of rotating shaft is determined by the variation in output frequency signal or voltage. As the speed increases the voltage level and the frequency increases. CONTACT TYPE AC TACHOMETER The above fig shows the tachometer coupled to the motor. Ac tachometer used in the design is rated at 0.5v/100rpm. It shows that increase in speed increases. For every 100rpm variation the voltage increases by 0.5 rpm. The voltage signal from the ac tachometer is given to the simple presicion rectifier which further converts the signal to dc voltage. SIMPLE PRECISION FULL WAVE RECTIFIER A simple precision full wave rectifier converts the ac voltage to dc voltage. The simple precision full wave rectifier is built with operation amplifier which works on the principle of differential voltage. An operational amplifier is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier which has differential inputs and a single output. Negative feed back controls the gain in the opamps. The output goes positive when the non inverting input(+) goes more positive than the inverting input (-) and vice versa When the input signal goes positive again, the op amps output voltage will take time to go back to zero, then to forward bias the diode and produce an output. The time taken is determined by the opamps slew rate. Slew rate is the maximum attainable range of the output voltage. Slew rate limits the highest frequency of the sin wave. The opamp 741 choosen in the project has a slew rate of 0.5v per micro seconds SIMPLE PRECISION FULL WAVE RECTIFIER The negative voltage at the input through the diode and resistor. The positive half cycles appear at the output of the second diode. When positive voltage is given the feed back is given by the diodes and hence negative cycles . The positive cycles and negative cycles are summed differentially to get the output voltage. The opamp 741 choosen in the project has a slew rate of 0.5v per micro seconds For measurement applications the signal has to be ripple free. Hence low pass filter can be used to achieve the signal free from ripples. RC LOW PASS FILTER Resistor Capacitance generally termed as RC circuits are used in filtering a signal waveform, thus changing the relative amounts of high frequency and low information in their output signals compared to their input signals. RC filter is a common application for smoothing a signal. The RC circuit has a capacitor and a resistor in which are connected in series. The charged capacitor would discharge its energy into the resistor placed in series with it. This voltage across the capacitor is found through Kirchhoffs current law which says that the current coming from capacitor is equal the current flowing out through the resistor. The linear differential eqn. can be given by ANALOG TO DIGITAL CARD Analog to Digital conversion is interfacinf the analog I/O with the Digital I/O. ADC cnversion takes place in three stages. They are Sampling, Quantisation and encoding. The ADC card which is used in the Project is CIO-DASO8/JR-A0. SAMPLING The analog input cannot be directly sent to the pc. The ADC digitises the analog input signal continusly. The proper reconstruction of signal is possible only when the sampling rate is twice the highest frequency component. If the sampling rate is under that the problem of Alaising occurs. To eleminate the problems of aliasing the signal must be sampled at a rate higher than Nyquist frequency rate. The fig shows the sampling rates and the construction of the signal. If a signal is sampled at too low rate perfect reconstruction of signal is nt possible which results in the loss of data. QUANTISATION Quantisation represents the signal in discrete and certainj voltage levels. Quantisation actually is approximating the signals to the lowest possible range. The fig below shows the sampling of a singal which is then quatises indicated by a red line. The quantization is necessary as during the sampling the small range of signals may not be digitised. This results in loss of information. By approximating the values the reconstruction of signal is perfect. CODING Coding is the process of converting the sampled signals to n bits which are represented by 0 and 1s. These bits represent certain voltage levels which is given by the resolution. SPECIFICATIONS When acquiring data to a computer, an analog to digital Conveter takes an analog signal and digitises the signal. The sigal is digitised to sertain binary numbers. These binary numbers represents respective voltage levels. Resolution refers to the number of binary levels ADC can represent a signal. The resolution of a n bit ADC can be by taking the value . The ADC card which is used in the Project is CIO-DASO8/JR-A0. DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL ARCHITECTURE Data acquisition and cntrol architectlog input is given to the pc via ADC which converts the analog input to digital input. The data can be transmitted bidirectionally with the help of data acquisition device. Labview Software is loaded in the pc which acquires the data with the help of built in libraraies. INSTACAL Instacal is software which manages the data acquisition hardware. It is used in calibration of the boards attached. It scans all the internal registers and the electronic equipment and if any fault found error messages are shown. The ADC is calibrated with the help of instacal to check whether the data logger is accurate or not. CHAPTER 5 LABVIEW Labview environment is opened by when new VI is selected from the start up screen. The file menu contains commands for file manipulations. Edit menu is used to modify the block diagram and front panel objects. By default the undo or redo settings for a VI are 8. It can be manipulated as per the requirement. Operate menu acts in running or stopping a VI or to change the settings of VI. The tools menu acts as interface in communicating with the data acquisition boards to build the applications and in enabling the web server. WINDOW INTRODUCTION Labview programming is mainly divided into two panels. The first one is the Front Panel and all the controls and indicators are in l